Andrew Fastow The Enron Corporation And The Pioneer Of...

In 1990 Enron market value increased from $3.5 billion to $35 billion by the end of 1999 (Ivey Business Journal, 2016). During this time Andrew Fastow was the chief financial officer of the Enron Corporation and the pioneer of the financial implication that brought Enron crumbling down. In this nine-year time frame this feat was admired by companies around the globe. Andrew received a CFO Magazine award for his work at Enron and had lavish parties celebrating the results of the quarterly earnings (Ivey Business Journal, 2016). Unbeknownst to Andrew Fastow, just three years after raising the value of Enron by nearly $32 billion, his ethical decisions would cost him his freedom. Andrew Fastow fashioned a great deal of off-balanced documentation that immensely misrepresented Enron’s debts and essentially overstated the firm’s earnings and net worth (Seijts, Gerard, 2002). With the documentation created by Andrew the company essentially hid billions of dollars from the public and its shareholders. The collapse resulted in 30,000 employees losing their jobs and an economic down fall (Accedo Verlagssgesellschaft Munchen, 2013). One of the main issues with the Enron case is that even though Andrew Fastow thought what he was doing by creating the off-balanced sheets was a great and new inventive way, he should have known that this was unethical. Though the company may have bolstered their stock and gained a significant amount of money, when the truth was revealed manyShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of Enron Corporation1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Enron Corporation and how the collapse of Enron Corporation consequence affected the United states financial market. Enron Corporation was the seventh largest company in the United States, and had the biggest audit failure. In this Research paper, it describes the reason of Enron Corporation collapse, including details of the internal/ external management, accounting fraud, and conflict of interest. Enron is the largest bankruptcy in America history! The Collapse of Enron Corporation andRead MoreEnron Case Study5921 Words   |  24 PagesEnron Case Study [pic] Part A: Problem Focused Analysis and Recommendations. 1. Brief Case Background. List key events, use timeline. Case Background At one time Enron was one of the world’s largest producers of natural gas, oil, and electricity. It also appeared to be one of the most profitable companies, taking shareholders from $19.10 in 1999 to $90.80 by the end of 2000. Enron’s top management answered to a Board of Directors whose responsibility was to question and challenge new partnershipsRead MoreCorporate Governance : The Top Level Managements3102 Words   |  13 Pageseconomic policy. However, over the years, many such corporate governance failures have been a root cause in the company’s demise. The top level managements’ misleading actions have been detrimental to their organization. International scandals such as Enron, Worldcomm, and Tyco International, have created a stir in the economy and harmed their company. Many top level staffs were fired, accused and even tried in court, with a majority of them facing prison sentences even till now. Recent Corporate Scandals

Being A Cia Agent Or Something - 960 Words

â€Å"The Scavengers?† I asked laughing, â€Å"If you re going to come in here all geared up and acting like you re a CIA agent or something then you should really come up with a better name than that.† â€Å"Leo, you should really listen to them,† Derek told me, â€Å" you ll want to hear what they have to say.† â€Å"So who are you really, huh?† I questioned, â€Å"some guys trying to be someone they re not?† â€Å"I suggest that you listen to your brother, go sit down in that chair over there, and listen to what Ajax and I have to say kid,† said the third guy that came in with Derek and Ajax. â€Å"And who are you mister?† I asked the third man. â€Å"Chris,† he replied in a cold voice, â€Å"and you should really go sit down in that chair like I told you.† â€Å"Or what?† I†¦show more content†¦He isn t from our planet. From the information that I ve acquired from the government, he s basically come from a whole other planet from a whole other universe. My team and a group of scientist have been working together for the past year trying to figure out exactly how he was going to get here and when. So you knew he was coming? I said, anger bubbling up inside of me, You know I watched him blow up our house with my parents in it. He literally wiped them off of the face of the Earth. Calm down now Leo, Ajax said calmly, Yes the Scavengers and I knew that Icor would be coming to our planet. I m sorry to hear about the death of your parents, but I really need to tell you what is going on. So please, just cool off and listen. After a moment, I agreed and started to calm down so that I could listen. Go ahead, I said, say what you have to say. Ajax went on to tell me more information about Icor and why he came into our dimension and happened to choose our planet to destroy. He said that Icor was indeed searching for something, but it wasn t for the good of his people. It was actually for his own well being. He came to Earth to basically wipe out whatever species lived here and take any kind of technology, resources, and information on our species. So far he s only succeeded in destroying half of a major city, Ajax went on saying, but we can t let him take the entire city as well. That s why my team and I have come here toShow MoreRelatedCentral Intelligence Agency : An Undergraduate Student Will Get Asked Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduating college would be to become a CIA agent or work in the white house, something along those lines. Ever since I was in high school I’ve always wanted to work in that kind of field whether it was for the FBI, CIA, or homeland security. I have been doing everything I can to create a great resume such as attempting to become fluent in Arabic since the competition is fierce when applying for these types of jobs. â€Å"In 1947, The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was created along with Director ofRead MoreThe Assas sination of J.F.K. Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagestheory is that the federal government was involved in the assassination of the President. The federal government involvement in the Kennedy assassination can be seen through the quick findings that Oswald acted alone in the assassination, through CIA and FBI actions after the assassination, and through the actions of President Johnson following the assassination of President Kennedy. There are many other theories about the assassination of President Kennedy. One of these is the Lone Gunman theoryRead MoreInformation Gathered And Activities During World War II1646 Words   |  7 Pages2008) Throughout counterintelligence, altering situations and scenarios are viewed as a success. When change begins to occur, it’s essentially stating that CI is working and people and organizations are starting to stir since they understand they are being watched. CI has continued to adapt throughout the years and will continue to be effective. One of the main ambassadors of CI Stephen Cambone had this to say while he served under the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. â€Å"The third group is focusedRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1242 Words   |  5 PagesDo I Have to Say?†- Billy Joel, â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire† How the CIA Killed JFK November 22nd, 1963: The assassination of President John F. Kennedy is an event in American history that will forever as one of the nation’s darkest days. The brutal murder of the President is seemingly terrible enough, but suspicious decisions of the federal government in regards to investigating the assassination alienated American youths from being able to trust the government, and is partially responsible for theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Uncompromisingly Hard Line By Tim Weiner1083 Words   |  5 Pagesstated defections of Fuchs and, in particular the personal betrayal of Philby. While this was always a part of his underlying paranoia, it was kicked into full gear by his affiliation with Golitsyn. Golitsyn, according to Tim Weiner, was â€Å"certified by CIA psychiatrists as clinically paranoid†¦ [and he] confirmed and strengthened Angleton’s deepest fears.† Golitsyn’s â€Å"uncompromisingly hard-line views about the dark intentions amd ruthless efficiency of the Russian intelligence services squared with Angleton’sRead MoreSee No Evil Review Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Homefront, being that despite all the warnings our intelligence officers have supplied to our government agencies, there seems to be little or no action taken to stop terrorist attacks that could have been prevented. Our well-paid politicians stay fairly busy attending fundraisers and creating policies that hinder responses to vital information gathered by case officers and law-enforcement personnel about terrorist activities. Robert Baers book describes his years in the CIA from recruitmentRead MoreArgument1501 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect the country’s safety and the well being of each individual daily. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has grown to be an immune system that is needed, to protect the country, the individual’s and the environment that is lived in every single day, by protecting us from terrorism, cyber fraud, technology crime, etc. The Federal Bureau’s history is actually exceptionally complex and interesting. It happens to â€Å"originat[e] from a force of Special Agents created in 1908 by Attorney General CharlesRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigations And The Central Intelligence Agency1633 Words   |  7 Pagesconjunction to these mistakes, the restriction of shared information between intelligence and law enforcement was one of the reasons the United States of America failed to prevent such a disaster. 9/11: the Miscommunication between the FBI and CIA The attacks of September 11th, 2001, exemplifies al Qaeda’s strategy to enter the United States and cause an uproar within our nation. During the time terrorist attacks were never a main concern as the United States focused on what was happening insteadRead MoreThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesOn November 22 1963 former President John F Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald. He became the second out of the two most remembered presidents to be killed, the first being Lincoln. However, most people believe that John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln, but most people don’t think Oswald killed JFK. Ranging from his future-self killing his past self to other crazy theories like aliens, but 55% of our nation still think that JFK was involved by some government conspiracy at the time of his death.Read Morepsychpaper1240 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough if his memory has faded away and he is unable to remember anything about his life. Retrograde amnes ia [1] causes disruption in the consolidation which prevents long term memory from forming. Something that makes this amnesia different from other psychological disorders is that the human being acts perfectly normal. An amnesiac’s general knowledge and level of intelligence is not affected. In the case of retrograde amnesia the person retains his fine motor skills and is able to perform tasks

Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling Free Essays

English ISU Rudyard Kipling was born in 1865 and through the years of living in Bombay, he learned about the British Empire. Kipling gave much too English literature and wrote poetry, short stories, and novels1. When Kipling was five, his parents sent him to boarding school in England so he could learn more about his British background. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic only for you Order Now While living in England, Kipling was inspired by the imperialistic views of the British demonstrated around the world. During his school years, Kipling had a very difficult at boarding school. He was physically abused throughout his time in college. After finishing college in 1882, he returned back to India to work as a journalist and editor. Also in 1882, Kipling married an American woman Caroline Balestier and immediately moved to America to live with her. He stayed in Vermont until 1899, and went back alone to England to write literature. The majority of his poems dealt with his opinion of inspiration and imperialism. An analysis of â€Å"If† and â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† makes it clear that Rudyard Kipling uses literary devices effectively to fortify his message of inspiration and imperialism. If† is one of Kipling’s best known poems and it contains one of his most powerful messages of inspiration. In the beginning of the second stanza in â€Å"If†, Kipling uses personification â€Å"If you can dream- and not make dreams your master. † The beginning of the stanza focuses on reality; dreaming is good, but do not let it take control of yourself. Meaning, there are other impor tant goals in life that are needed to be achieved. The second personification used by Kipling is on line 10 and 11 â€Å"If you can meet with triumph and disaster/ and treat those two imposters the same. This explains that failure is a benefit; mistakes are guaranteed to happen. No one is perfect and people learn from their missteps. The final personification on line 21 and 22 Kipling uses is â€Å"If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew/ To serve your turn long after they are gone. † This means to put your heart and nerve into your actions in the future and learn from the past. Also, having to accept the past and move on from it with your heart and gut. Alliteration is expressed twice in â€Å"If† to fortify Kipling’s thoughts and expressions throughout his poem. In line 12, the alliteration â€Å"treat those two imposters just the same. † emphasizes Kipling’s point of treating people with equity and respect. This quote implies how Kipling sees society’s disapproval towards other people and he interprets that everyone including (imposters) should be fairly treated without criticism or judging based on societal influences. Another example of Alliteration is â€Å"With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,† on line 30, expressing Kipling’s opinion of time. Meaning to try and put an effort in constantly; even when feeling exhausted. Repetition and diction is used in â€Å"If† to strengthen Kipling’s message of inspiration. First off, â€Å"you† is used repeatedly in the poem to enrich Kipling’s message directly to the reader â€Å"The white man’s burden†, is one of Kipling’s best views of imperialism throughout the poem. In lines 19 and 20, Kipling uses the personification â€Å"Fill full the mouth of famine/ and bid the sickness cease. † Thus Kipling proclaims that the imperialist nation is going to aid and feed the conquered land. Kipling uses another personification in the sixth stanza â€Å"Nor call too loud on freedom/ To clock your weariness†. Thus, Kipling explores the meaning of individual freedom and that the use of individual freedom should not be an excuse to cover up ones weariness. Also, not aiding others by refusing to â€Å"Take up the White Man`s burden†. Anaphora is used in â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† to give emphasis to Kipling’s points. The first example is found in the fourth stanza, â€Å"The ports ye shall not enter, /The roads ye shall not thread,† have the same â€Å"The _ ye shall not _†. This represents Kipling’s repetitive thoughts of the imperial nation being denied to enter and live in the captured nation. Another example of anaphora is used in the sixth stanza â€Å"By all ye cry or whisper, / By all ye leave or do†. Kipling is poetically conveying the ruling of the conquered nation founded by the bequest of the imperial territory. Kipling also expresses the poems theme of Imperialism with the significant use of repetition and allusion. The line â€Å"Take up the White Man’s Burden-† is used at the start of each stanza establishing the basis of the poem. How to cite Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling, Essay examples

Marketing Strategies of Meghna Group of Industries Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder free essay sample

Marketing Strategies of Meghna Group of Industries : Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder BACKGROUND During the early seventies, the supply situation of essential commodities in Bangladesh was in turmoil. Such an uncertain situation prompted Mr. Mostafa Kamal to be in the business. He established trading companies and organized countrywide distribution chain. Gradually he got himself involved in more risky ventures of import trade in the early eighties. His companies participated in the bulk trade of essential commodities of everyday need, like wheat, sugar, refined edible oils, milk, peas, lentils etc. As the economy of the country is based mainly on agriculture, he felt the necessity to develop food processing industry that would help reduce import dependency of the country. So he established edible oil refineries to produce refined palm and soybean oil locally. He then established his first industrial unit – Meghna Vegetable Oil Industries Ltd. , in 1990. Gradually he developed and established other food and edible oil processing industries one after another in quick succession. This has now turned to a fast growing industrial conglomerate named as Meghna Group of Industries under the able leadership of its Chairman and Managing Director Mr. Mostafa Kamal. The   group produces most essential commodities like Cement, Milk Powder, Soybean Oil, Palm Oil,  Sugar, Mustard Oil, Coconut Oil, Natural Flour (Atta), Refined Flour (Maida), Semolina (Suji), Salt, Spices, Dalda, Margarine (Ghee), Mineral Water, Tea, Poultry and Fish Feeds, P. P. Woven Bag, Duplex board, Liner paper etc. in its own industrial park, located at Meghnaghat, Sonargaon, Narayangonj. It also has a large trading wing engaged in bulk trade of commodities and chemicals such as Wheat, Corn, Sugar, Dun Peas, Chick Peas, Yellow Peas, Rape Seeds, Mustard Seeds, PP Resin, Pet Chips, Soda Ash Light, Caustic Soda Solid/Flakes, Tallow, Oleic Acid and many other raw materials for use in its industries. The Group has its own Power Plant of 60 MW capacity to meet its power requirement. The group has about ten thousand (10000) permanent casual employees. Its annual turnover is approximately TK. 4000 crore (around US$ 600. 00 Million). The Board of Directors comprises the following personalities: Mr. Mostafa Kamal Chairman Managing Director Ms. Beauty Akhter Director Miss. Tahmina Binthe Mostafa Director Miss. Tanjima Binthe Mostafa Director For the uncompromising product quality and strong management policy most of the industrial units of the Meghna Group have been awarded ISO 9001:2000 certification. The group has been awarded the Nawab Sir Salimullah Gold Medal and also awarded the International Star Award for Quality (ISAQ) in Gold Category by BID (Business Initiative Directions) in Geneva in October, 2005 for commitment to Quality and Excellence. BID based in Spain has also awarded the Group with World Quality Commitment Award in Platinum Category in Paris, 2006 and Quality Summit Award in Diamond Category in New York, 2007 for outstanding performance in Quality Commitment and industrialization. MISSION The mission of Meghna Group of Industries is, â€Å"We want to be recognized as a market leader of world class consumer product manufacturers in Bangladesh by providing efficient marketing force and consumer satisfaction in order to contribute much to the industrialization and development of the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh. † OBJECTIVES To create a position in the market and sustain there, Meghna has established clear and distinctive objectives. ? Create a good portion of satisfied consumer market and sustain the customer lifetime value. ? Find new segments and achieve success in it. Expand the distribution network to make products available at customer doorstep. BUSINESS PORTFOLIO The collection of businesses and products that makes up the company is called the business portfolio. The best business portfolio is the one that best fits the company’s strengths and weaknesses to opportunities in the environment. THE PRODUCT LINE The Meghna Group of Industries co mprises the following units: Consumer Goods: †¢ Tanveer Dal Mill Flour Mills Ltd. †¢ Meghna Tea Company. †¢ Tanveer Mustard Oil Mill And Coconut Oil Mills Ltd. †¢ United Sugar Mills Ltd. †¢ United Edible Oils Ltd United Mineral Water PET Industries Ltd. †¢ United Salt Industries Ltd. †¢ Tanveer Oils Ltd. †¢ Tanveer Food Ltd. †¢ Janata Flour Dal Mills Ltd. Cement: †¢ Unique Cement Industries Ltd. Paper: †¢ Tanveer Paper Mills Ltd. Packaging Printing: †¢ M. M. Printing Packaging Co. Ltd. †¢ United Fibre Industries Ltd. †¢ Tanveer Polymer Industries Ltd. Power Electricity: †¢ Unique Power Plant Ltd. †¢ Everest Power Generation Co. Ltd. Poultry Fish Feed: †¢ United Feeds Ltd. Steel: †¢ Tanveer Steel Mills Ltd. Shipping, Logistics Transport: †¢ Mercantile Shipping Lines Ltd. †¢ G. Shipping Lines Ltd. United Shipping Lines. †¢ United Dockyard Ship Builders. Housing: †¢ Me ghna Properties Ltd. Others: †¢ Kamal Trading Co. †¢ Kamal Imports Exports Ltd. †¢ Everest CNG Refueling Conversion Ltd. STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT A SBU is a unit of the company that has a separate mission and objectives and that can be planned independently from the other businesses. An SBU can be a company division, a product line within a division, or sometimes a single product or brand. SBU’s for Meghna Group of Industries Consumer Goods Cement Paper Packaging Printing Power Electricity Poultry Fish Feed Steel Shipping, Logistics Transport Housing Others Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder Tanveer Food Ltd. is a major venture of the Meghna Group of Industries. Its Fresh brand of Full Cream Powder Milk is one of the most utilized milk available in the country. MARKETING MIX : The four Ps are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. PRODUCT : Fresh milk is made from 100% pure fresh cow milk, imported from Australia and UK. All stages of the processing of Fresh milk are independently checked and certified by the Department of Agriculture regarding quality and radio activity before exporting to Bangladesh. Fresh milk contains high level of vitamins and protein. The plant produces 6000 MT milk powder each year. |Appropriate Analysis | |Milk Fat |28. % | |Protein |27. 5% | |Lactose |37. 05% | |Minerals |5. 5% | |Moisture |2. 05% | Packing Sizes |Packs per Carton | |2 Kg Foil Pack |6 Packs | |1 Kg Foil Pack |12 Packs | |500 gm Foil Pack |24 Packs | |400 gm Foil Pack |24 Packs | |225 gm Foil Pack 36 Packs | |80 gm Foil Pack |100 Packs | |25 gm Foil Pack |240 Packs | Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder is basically a convenience product because people usually purchase milk powder regularly as an alternative to cow milk. There are some other brands of milk powders. While people purchase milk powder they usually do not take much time to make comparison between these brands. Manufacturers of Fresh milk powder have set their price at an affordable level for consumers. The following characteristics are fulfilling the requirement of HABITUAL BUYING BEHAVIOR. 1. Since its introduction, Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder has been a popular milk powder for the target consumers because of its improved features and benefits at lower prices. It has been frequently purchased by the consumers as if it is their habitual activitiy to consume it. 2. Compared to its competitors Fresh milk powder charges lower price while retaining a good quality. 3. At first, Fresh milk powder distributed its product within the urban mega cities, now it has extended its market in remote towns in Bangladesh as well. 4. Fresh milk powder has promoted its product through different media from newspaper to television by advertising its product’s feautures and virtues. So we would like to say that people show Habitual Buying Behavior while they purchase Fresh milk powder. Levels of the product: Core benefit : Core benefit of Fresh milk powder is that it provides us with a healthy replacement for cow milk and gives us the good taste of milk which relates to the original taste of our pure cow milk. In short, it makes the foods we make from powder milk delicious. Actual product : Actual product is the brand name Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder, which is a sister concern of Meghna Group of Industries. Also the packaging and quality is supported by latest refining techniques. The actual product is the quality, packaging and the ingredients of the product itself. Augmented features of the product : The augmented part of the product is that Fresh milk powder is a milk powder with high levels of protein, minerals and vitamins that will help consumers with sufficient food values as well as maintaining the taste of pure milk. It also comes in different pack sizes for the benefit of the customers. Brand Development: Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder belongs to Tanveer Food Ltd. of Meghna Group of Industries which is a private brand company. It falls into the brand extension category in the brand development chart because it is a new product category under an existing brand name. | | | |PRODUCT CATEGORY | | | | | | | | |EXISTING |NEW | |BRAND NAME | | | | | | | | | | |EXISTING |Line extension |Brand Extension | | | | | | | |NEW |Multi Brand |New Brand | PRICE : Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. Price of product is the only el ement of product which earns revenue for the company. Some examples of pricing decisions to be made include: Dynamic pricing, Internal factors such as, marketing objectives, marketing mix strategy, organizational considerations; External factors such as, the market and demand, price elasticity of demand, competitor’s cost prices and offers. We then have to take a general pricing approach which includes: Cost-Based Pricing, Break-Even Analysis and Target Profit Pricing, Value-Based Pricing and Competition-Based Pricing. When Fresh milk powder was introduced the market was filled with fierce competitors. So, the producers primilinarily charged low price for their product to survive in the market. This enabled them to obtain a strong market share. Following are the prices of Fresh milk powder in different pack sizes, and the comparison between the price of Fresh and the competitors products. |Pack Size |Price | |1 Kg |Tk. 90 | |500 gm |Tk. 200 | |400 gm |Tk. 180 | |75 gm |Tk. 35 | |25 gm |Tk. 15 | A. Prices of Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder in different pack sizes Brand Name |Pack Size |Price | |Dano |400 gm |Tk. 215 | |Nido |400 gm |Tk. 200 | |Diploma |400 gm |Tk. 185 | |Fresh |400 gm |Tk. 180 | B. Comparison in prices between the competitors’ products and Fresh milk powder As we can see from the charts above, Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder is more desirable to target consumers for its lower price than competitors. Fresh has carefully set its price so that it maintains consistency with its marketing mix. By putting the expenditures and drawbacks while designing the product, promoting and distributing on account it has charged a convenient price by comparing its price to the ones set by the competitors. Thus it is easy to understand that they have used the Competition-based Pricing. PLACE/DISTRIBUTION : Distribution is about getting the products to the customer. Some examples of distribution decisions include: Distribution channels, Market coverage (inclusive, selective, or exclusive distribution), Specific channel members, Inventory management, Warehousing, Distribution centers, Order processing, Transportation, Reverse logistics. Fresh milk powder is available in confectionary shops, general stores and departmental stores in different cities of Bangladesh. The company uses varites of distribution channels to send their commodities to consumers. For mass distribution they have established their own outlets in every division and subdivisions of Bangladesh so that the final consumers as well as retailers will be able to get Fresh milk powder as per their necessity. Channel Levels : Fresh milk powder is well known for its wide spread distribution channel. All of its distributing activities are conducted through indirect marketing channels. Following are the different market channels through which Fresh milk powder is distributedits to final consumers. A. Consumer marketing channels : Channel 1 : PRODUCER>CONSUMER Channel 2 : PRODUCER>RETAILER>CONSUMER Channel 3 : PRODUCER>WHOLESALER>RETAILER>CONSUMER B. Business marketing channels : Channel 1 : PRODUCER>BUSINESS CUSTOMER Channel 2 : PRODUCER>BUSINESS DISTRIBUTOR>BUSINESS CUSTOMER Channel 3: PRODUCER>MANUFACTURER’S REPRESENTATIVES OR SALES BRANCH> BUSINESS DISTRIBUTOR > BUSINESS CUSTOMER PROMOTION : In the context of the marketing mix, promotion represents the various aspects of market communication, that is, the communication of information about the product with the goal of generating a positive customer response. Marketing promotion activities include: Promotional strategy (push, pull, etc. ), Advertising, Personal selling sales force, Sales promotions, Public relations publicity, Marketing communications budget. Promotional activities are activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy. Marketing strategy should maintain or improve both the consumer’s and the society’s welfare. Fresh milk powder is advertised in various channels of Bangladesh, including newspapers, magazines etc. They point out the benefits and taste to catch the attention of the consumer. Advertising objectives: Fresh milk powder follows certain advertising objectives to accomplish its promotional activities: †¢ Should get attention of the audience †¢ Should reveal message †¢ Should arouse desire †¢ Should present the benefits of the product †¢ Should present the difference in price and quality with its competing products. The slogan of Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder to communicate its product is : â€Å"FRESH MILK FRESH MILK SHAADE SHERA†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦which highlights the quality in taste of the product. Media: The marketers use television advertisements, radio advertisements, billboards and holdings in retail shops to advertise their products. To encourage the purchase of Fresh milk powder the marketers use coupons, price packs. It also co-sponsors nationwide television shows for their promotion. SEGMENTATION STRATEGY : â€Å"Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder† is a consumer product. For that reason Tanveer Food Ltd. uses the consumer market segmentation variables to segment the market of â€Å"Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder†. More specifically Tanveer Food Ltd. uses the following segmentation strategies for segmenting the product. GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION : Tanveer Food Ltd. has used the geographical segmentation for their product â€Å"Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder†, based on different regions. In the rural area, people have regular access to fresh cow and goat milk. But it is not readily available in abundance in the urban area. So, Fresh milk powder has been introduced as a credible replacement for cow milk. Its high level of milk fat, protein, vitamins and other food values provide sufficient energy as well as maintaining natural taste. DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION : Fresh milk powder is also segmented on the basis of demographic variables, such as, age group, family life cycle, income etc. Age Segmentation : Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder is not suitable for kids under the age of 1 years old. As we know that there is no alternative to mother’s milk for children under the age of 1 year. So, Fresh milk powder targeted only the people above the age of 1 year. Family Life Cycle Segmentation : Fresh milk powder is segmented on the basis of family life cycle. For example, the working class families, where the mothers and other household people generally work outside and don’t have enough time, they can use Fresh milk powder to use in their daily consumption of tea, milk and other food items made by milk. Income : Fresh milk powder is segmented on the basis of income. All the people don’t have the same kind of income capabilities. For that reason, Fresh has introduced different pack sizes ranging from 25 gm foil packs to 2 kg foil packs. PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION : Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder is segmented on the basis of personality. Many people buy products for the brand name. Under a reputed brand name, Fresh milk powder is a popular choice for men and women alike. BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION : Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder can also be segmented on the basis of behavioral variables, such as, occasions, benefit sought etc. Occasions : During Eid, Christmas and other festivals or special occasions, Fresh milk powder provides a suitable alternative to cow milk for making different traditional sweet food items, like, custards, pies etc. Benefit Sought : Fresh milk powder also divides its markets in terms of different benefits the customers seek in their product. Following are their segmentations based on benefit sought by customers. (a) Fresh milk powder contains high level of proteins, vitamins and minerals. This helps kids to grow stronger as well as providing proper food values to every user. For this reason, people preferring more proteins and vitamins prefer Fresh milk powder. (b) Diabetic patients living in the urban area have only two alternatives for milk; powder milk and condensed milk. As condensed milk contains plenty of sugar, it is not advisable for diabetic patients. So, for them, milk powder is the only option and more specifically Fresh milk powder as it provides a good balance of food values. TARGET MARKETING STRATEGY : To cover the whole targeted market, Fresh has introduced different pack sizes in the market. So, that people can purchase their product as per their demand. Today as a leading company, Tanveer Food Ltd. is strongly customer focused and heavily committed to marketing. The twofold goal of marketing is being accomplished within a very short span of time as it has already drawn the attentions of the consumers by providing quality products and preferred services. Dedication to quality, uniform products, customer service and competitive prices has given them unique position in the market. Basically â€Å"Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder† is targeting the customers who are the final users of the products. Their target market is the people who do not want to compromise food quality but do not have proper access to pure cow milk. So, they are targeting working class, middle class, upper middle class and lower upper class. But they are more focused on the working class and urban area people. Then it is the retail customers who can buy the product and sell them at a profit. To cover the whole targeted market, Fresh has introduced different pack sizes in the market. So, that people can purchase their product as per their demand. POSITIONING : Positioning means to occupy a place in the minds of the consumers relative to competing products. Experts say that positioning is â€Å"How you differentiate your product or company and why a customer will buy your product. Fresh milk powder has some positioning strategies in order to compete with other products available in the market. Positioning Strategy : Marketers have followed some platforms by which they can differentiate their product from the competitors Product differentiation: Fresh milk powder possesses slight variation from the other brands available in our country. They are as follows – Service differentiation: As a product of Tanveer Food Ltd. under Meghna Group of Industries it serves a speedy, convenient and careful delivery through out the country. For example- You can find a packet of Fresh milk powder in any confectionary store near you. Channel differentiation: Being one of the important differentiations for positioning, it helps to gain competitive advantage through the way Fresh Milk powder designs the channel’s coverage, expertise, and performance. People differentiation: Fresh milk powder differentiates themselves through employing, hiring and training their employees. Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder has over 300 highly qualified professionals directly involved in the production and promotion of the product. Image differentiation: Being associated with Meghna Group of Industries, Fresh has become a hugely popular brand itself. It has its own image differentiation and its own signature logo. Differentiation that are being promoted: Though many marketers think that companies should aggressively promote only one benefit to the target market, Fresh follows slightly different concept. They promote product quality, product image and the brand image all at the same time. These three factors differentiates Fresh milk powder from other companies that compete in the respective field. Besides these they have their own USP (Unique Selling Proposition) to make their product demandable in the over-communicated society. Consumers usually choose the product and services that give them the greatest value. Thus, Fresh milk follows the â€Å"More for less† strategy by introducing the brand offering better quality but at a lower price than the existing brands. Key factors of differentiation : Distinctive: Fresh milk powder is offered to the market in a distinctive way. Communicable: The differences are easily communicable to the customers. Affordable: Fresh milk powder is easily affordable to the customers with its lower price. Profitable: The product is profitable to both the producers as well as the customers The marketers have developed an overall positioning statement to make a clear and distinctive image on their target consumers mind. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION : We would like to recommend that Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder should introduce new offers for their products, such as offering free bowls or glasses with Fresh milk packs. They also need to increase their advertisements to keep their product in the hearts of the targeted market. They may also introduce new campaigns in university or school campuses for promoting their product among the youth and kids. Finally, we would like to conclude by saying that the marketers of Fresh Full Cream Milk Powder have done a very good job in promoting their product. So, it has been a great pleasure knowing their marketing strategies and we’ve been benefited greatly through doing this research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS : We would like to thank everyone who helped us in gathering information about the product and company and helped us immensely in the research. The official website of Meghna Group of Industries : http://www. meghnagroup. biz/html/group-pages/meghna_dairy. htm Some other websites : http://www. channelishop. com/inside. php? pid=781=2949=2=B http://www. channelishop. com/inside. php? pid=781=2949=2=B Others : â€Å"Principles of Marketing† – Philip Kotler Gary Armstrong Owner of â€Å"Tripty Confectionary† – Atahar Chowdhury[pic] Our target market is the users of milk powder who do not have access to cow milk (TO) Fresh Full Cream Milk powder (OUR) A full cream milk powder (IS) Provides similar taste of cow milk and proper food values at a lower price than other brands (THAT)

Symbolism in Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot Essay Example

Symbolism in Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot Essay Written by Samuel Beckett originally in French in 1948, the translated English version was first enacted on stage in 1953. One of the masterpieces of the absurdist tradition, the play is infused with psychological, political and philosophical symbolism. The plot is outwardly quite simple, involving interactions between two friends Estragon and Vladimir as they both wait for another friend named Godot to arrive. Although Godot does not arrive during the course of the play, his anticipation sets up the context for the musings and conversations of Estragon and Vladimir. Author Samuel Beckett creatively exploits this open ended plot structure to ponder over important questions about the human condition. Given that it was published in the aftermath of the Holocaust, it asks deep and compelling questions of the state of human civilization and the nature of our species. Such utterances from the two lead characters as â€Å"to hold the terrible silence at bay†, â€Å"Nothing to be done†, â€Å"We are saved!†, etc offer profound interpretive scope for the reflective reader. (Beckett, 1956) The most ostensible symbolisms in the play pertain to the existentialist philosophical framework. The first quote alludes to the acute existential crisis shadowing the period after the Second World War. Written as it was in the aftermath of the most devastating war in history, Beckett’s preoccupations with the purpose of human life and how best to go about fulfilling it are in tune with the concerns and sentiments of the time. In this, the play is full of symbolisms of existence and its opposite state death – a pattern found in the works of other post-war intellectuals such as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. Waiting for Godot is a product of the author’s affectations during the war and hence contains in it psychological a nd philosophical questions treated in the existentialist framework. It is for this reason that notions such as ‘death’, ‘nothingness’ and momentary crises of human existence are all symbolically expressed. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The play can also be read with theological symbolisms in mind, especially that of the Christian doctrine. The choice of the name Godot (that contains ‘God’ in it) is perceived by critics to have religious connotations. This claim is vindicated by dialogues in the play that resonate with Christian concepts of salvation, rising from the dead, etc. For example, â€Å"We are saved!†, which is frequently uttered by Vladimir or Estragon can be taken as a reference to the notion of salvation. These two characters can also be seen as the two thieves crucified alongside Jesus Christ. Out of their boredom, every now and then Estragon and Vladimir contemplate committing suicide by hanging themselves from the only prominent tree in the setting. This is again a reference to the crucifixion, but albeit in a sense of parody. Vladimir’s casual remark to Estragon in Act I, â€Å"Hope deferred maketh the something sick, who said that?† is again a parody of a Christian proverb of the same rhyme – â€Å"Hope deferred makes the heart sick; but a desire fulfilled is a tree of life.† (Beckett, 1956) Hence, the religious symbolism is quite strong, but the tone is one of mockery and not reverence. Ontological questions are focused upon in the play, with the author giving special treatment to the concept of time, which links this work to another path-breaking existentialist thesis, namely that of Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time. For example, the deliberate similarity between the first and second acts in the play and elements of repetition seen in them is symbolic of the rhythmic and periodic nature of human existence, with each passing day a mirror of the day gone by and so forth. Because the play is essentially devoid of a describable plot and narrative, it operates at a very high level of abstraction. At this level, it lends itself to a variety of religious, social and political interpretation and understanding. At the political level, there is a striking allegorical reference to the emergence of the Cold War, with the United States and the Soviet Union being the epicenters of the two opposing domains. The characters of Lucky and Pozzo bring out this implied conflict, as they express historical strains between Britain and Ireland, France and Germany (during the war), etc. For the discerning reader/viewer of the play, Marxist symbolisms open out too, with the two characters representing the capitalists and the workers respectively. Seen from the psychoanalytical framework, one can see expressions of The Ego and The Id as conceived by Freud. The most profound symbolism seen in the play is that of dualism, which manifests in several forms. The two thieves, the two brothers and the two acts of the play all showcase this dualism. At a broader level, the content of the play reflects universal opposites such as the Yin and Yang, positive and negative charge, matter and anti-matter, life and death, etc. The universal dichotomies of Good and Evil as well as the divide between selfishness and altruism are also given treatment in the play. The other commonly referred to religious symbolism pertains to the hill-top setting of the acts, which is perceived as the equivalent of heaven. And this brings us to another universal dichotomy – namely that of Heaven and Hell. It is for these multiple layers of meaning and interpretation that Waiting for Godot is considered to be a vital literary contribution in the twentieth century. As the examples pointed above prove, it is a work of high and rich symbolism with broad interpretive scope. By alluding to the most universal and most pressing concerns of the human condition, Waiting for Godot does indeed justify its inclusion in the twentieth century literary canon. Works Cited: Beckett, S., Waiting for Godot, First published by Faber and Faber (London) in 1988 (original publication in 1956). Knowlson, J., Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), p. 610.

Americas Youth and TOdays Violence essays

Americas Youth and TOdays Violence essays Americas Youth and Todays Violence The media believes every child is capable of what happened at Columbine. Therefore, when a person picks up a paper or turns to his or her favorite news channel, all they learn about is how schools are enforcing new rules and regulations to control violence. People hear about the media blaming everything as a part of todays violence in schools. The media blames different groups of people, as a part of todays violence in the schools. The incident at Columbine was a freak act of violence, and there are hardly any children that would have anything to do with violence of this nature. The media thinks there may be someone to blame for why kids turn to violence. They blame TV, movies, music, and even athletes. The media could blame parents. The media blames high school athletes for the violence in schools. For many youth, their role models are athletes, but for others, athletes are their worst nightmares. In my high school, athletics was everything. Many of the athletes would pick on the little guys or under class men. The athletes at my school were bullies, but to my knowledge no one wanted to come in and shoot an athlete. How many students go into schools and just start shooting and being violent. Most students of today do not promote that type of violence. In fact, many athletes of all levels inspire youth to do better in school, to work as a team, and to try harder to give their all. Some examples of professional athletes that inspire youth are Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan, Peyton Manning, and Chamique Holdsclaw. They all encourage youth to do their best. And since Athletes encourage positive actions and do not promote violence, athletes should not be the ones to blame. Athletes encourage kids to stay in school and motivate them to make good grades so that they can participate in sports. When children are participating, they stay out of trouble. Chi ...

Planning and Goal Setting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning and Goal Setting - Research Paper Example I have suggested these improvements to provide the customers with a clearer perception of what our business is about. In addition to that, the revised vision statement clearly mentions the aspirations and goals of the Moonlight Bakers that are required to be known by the company’s leader to make advancements for their achievement. Besides, development of a powerful vision statement is fundamental to the strategic planning and attainment of competitive advantage for the Moonlight Bakers. I would do some literature review to note down the benefits of making a business plan as well as to collect information about companies that attempted to started new businesses in the past but failed because of lack of a business plan. I would say to the CEO, â€Å"Sir, it is in the air that you are about to take over a new business. If that is the case, may we please have the opportunity to make a business plan for you? It is very useful while starting a new business in the contemporary age. I have done the literature review and these are some files I would like to share with you.† The rationale behind my soft words is that I don’t want to offend him that we know his plans even though he has not shared them with us. Secondly, I have tried to convince him with proofs of benefits of using a business plan in such situations. In the contemporary world that is changing at a fast pace, leadership with vision or visionary leadership is required for the organizations to thrive and stay competitive (Kantabutra and Avery, 2010, p. 37). Making vision statement is a preliminary step in the development of such leadership since the goals of the leader are aligned with and retrieved from the ones mentioned in the vision statement. Development of the vision statement is one of the vision driven strategies employed by organizations to succeed. â€Å"[O]rganizations which utilize effective Business plans maximize the

Chemical Dependency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemical Dependency - Research Paper Example In 2009, people between 18 and 25 had the highest levels of drug use; 21.2 percent, which is driven by the increased consumption of marijuana. Forty-two percent of those between 18 and 25; 36.3 percent among the adults between 26 and34 and among 19.2 percent of those beyond 35 years reported to be binge drinkers (UDHHS, 2010). Among the adults that were dependent on alcohol consumption, the consumption medical drugs without prescription and the use of illicit drugs was higher. Determinants of substance Abuse Different biological, environmental, social, genetic and psychological factors are linked to the increasing levels of substance abuse. The factors determining alcohol consumption include race, gender, age, ethnicity, income levels, sexual orientation and educational attainment (CDC, 2011). The abuse of drugs and other substances is strongly determined by household, interpersonal and community dynamics (CDC, 2011). Among the major influencers of drug and substance abuse are social networks, family and peer pressure, especially among adolescents. For example, different studies show that marijuana consumption was triggered by interacting with siblings and friends that take them. The in-depth understanding of these factors will form key areas in countering drug and substance abuse in America as well as elsewhere (Galea, Nandi & Vlahov, 2004). Indirect and direct financial costs Drug abuse is a principle public health problem, which impacts the society at multiple levels. Directly or indirectly, all human communities are affected by drug use and abuse, particularly at the family level. Approximate costs of substance abuse for the US Source: (NIDA, n.d) Substance abuse costs USD 484 billion every year. These figures compare, to a large extent, to the costs incurred during the fight to deal with chronic diseases. Diabetes costs USD 131.7 and Cancer takes about USD 171.6 billion in a year (NIDA, N.D). Drug abuse as major cause for the public health problems America ns view drug abuse as a principal cause of health problems. For example, tobacco contributes about 11-30 percent of cancer deaths (NIDA, n.d). The abuse of tobacco, MDMA, cocaine, steroids and amphetamines contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Tobacco contributes about 30 percent of heart disease cases every year. In relation with the increasing spread of HIV/AIDS, 30.3 percent of the infection rates reported in 2000 (11,635) and hepatitis infections resulted from injection drug consumption. About 50 percent of the AIDS cases among children (4700 in 2002) were reportedly caused by the use of injection drug administration by the mother, or through sexual intercourse between the mother and a person infected through the channel (NIDA, n.d). Other indirect costs of substance abuse include drugged drinking, which constitutes between 10 and 22 percent of road crashes; violence, where among the people arrested for crimes like assault, theft and homicide, many were under the influence of illicit substances during the time of crime and arrest. Substance abuse is related to the acquisition of different consequences, including injuries, illness, and death – particularly following the consumption of alcohol, tobacco or other addictive drugs. During 2000, about 460,000 deaths could be traced to smoking and the abuse of drugs (NIDA, n.d). Psychological and physical

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Human Resource Management - Essay Example This makes me set my direction in the field of information systems only where after completing my Masters in Information Systems, I will enter the corporate world, equipped with my learning, knowledge, skills gained and abilities polished. Talking of my skills, choosing computers at the very beginning of my academic career has imparted a lot of technical skills in me. Further more, computer science involves frequent group projects and team works which has helped me improve upon my communication and interpersonal skills. Now when I am into my Majors, regular presentations, case studies and other assignments are further helping me develop and nurture my managerial skills in the way I manage my time, interact with others and plan my activities to attain short term objectives. This combination of all kinds of skills and knowledge in the fastest growing domain in business presents a plethora of opportunities ahead. Companies are in continuous search for competent computer professionals where I feel I can contribute a lot through my skills and abilities. I am also aware of the growing impetus on employee performance and provision of incentive plans and promotional opportunities based on performance and contribution made. As such, I plan to constantly build up my current inventory of knowledge, skills and abilities through regular training and courses (Rouda & Mitchell 1996). This is important because computer science and information systems is one area where every day new technology comes in, turning the previous one obsolete. Thus to remain competitive in my career, I need to constantly strive to enhance my capabilities and existing skill set. The company will also provide for my training and development but I will also look for regular certification on my own. This will make me more dynamic in my work and in a position to demand more for my services and work. In this light, company and

Intervention: Drug Abuse Among Adolescents

Intervention: Drug Abuse Among Adolescents This paper states the definition and main risk factors of drug abuse at first. Then, it reviews the three models for drug abuse prevention, including information model, affective model and social influence model. It also mentioned chemical treatments and psychological treatments of drug abuse. There are some comments on the psychological treatments. The author brings up some prevention and intervention plans of adolescents drug abuse in the last part. Keywords: drug abuse, adolescents, prevention and intervention Introduction What is drug abuse? There are many definitions of it. Usually, common people think that taking drugs can satisfy persons desire of happiness. Just as Miller (1995) states Drug abuse implies willful, improper use due to an underlying disorder or a quest for hedonistic or immoral pleasure  ¼Ã‹â€ p. 10 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Actually, it includes many aspects not only social values but also scientific view and not only physical reasons but also psychological elements. So the definition of drug abuse typically refers to 4 dimensions, including the nonmedical use of a substance, altering the mental state, a manner that is detrimental to the individual or the community and illegality (Abadinsky, 2001). Papalia, Olds and Feldman (2009) define substance dependence as physical addiction or psychological addition or both to a harmful substance. If an adolescent has drug abuse, the abuse can lead to substance dependence, or addiction, which may be physiological, psychological, or both and is likely to continue into adulthood (Papalia et al., 2009, p. 366). Addictive drugs have particularly high risk for adolescents as they stimulate parts of the developing brains of adolescents (Chambers, Taylor Potenza, 2003). As economic developing, the drug-taking situation of adolescents is not getting better. According to the World Drug Report 2010 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010), drug use has stabilized in the developed world, however, there are signs of an increase in drug use in developing countries and growing abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants and prescription drugs around the world. From 2004 to 2009, the number of drug-taking people who was under 21 years old was increased by more than 50% in Hong Kong (Zhu, 2010). What are the risk factors for drug abuse of adolescents? There are 4 kinds of common risk factors ¼Ã…’including Psychosocial Factors  ¼Ã‹â€ Low Self-esteem, Depression and Suicide ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, Family Factors (Low Familism, Family Substance Abuse Problems and Parent Smoking), Peer Factors (Perceived Peer Approval and Perceived Peer Use) and Deviance Factors (Disposition to Deviance and Delinquent Behavior) (Vega Gil, 1998). It cannot easily say which fa ctor is the most important one. It depends on the situations those different adolescent experiences. Three Models for Drug Abuse Prevention Drug abuse prevention aimed at reducing the supply or the demand for drugs of abuse (Abadinsky, 2001). There are three models (Ellickson, 1995) that focused on schools and school-based antidrug programs, including information model, affective model and social influence model. Information Model Adolescents can probably avoid drugs, if they comprehend their potential hazards, so this model mainly aimed at giving information. The information model posits a causal sequence leading from knowledge (about drugs) to attitude change (negative) to behavior change (nonuse) (Ellickson, 1995, p. 100). Sometimes the shock or scare is needed in this model, such as hard hitting antidrug videos, talks by ex-junkies, or TV and billboard campaigns that show the scared situation of drug use (Cohen, 1996). This model primarily focuses on the educational approach. It was supposed that students can make rational decisions to keep away from drugs because of increasing knowledge (Abadinsky, 2001). Through information model, adolescents can have a correct and renewed awareness of drug abuse. Affective Model This model pays more attention on individuals themselves and their personality. The model assumes that adolescents who turn to drugs do so because of problems within themselves-low self-esteem or inadequate personal skills in communication and decision making (Ellickson, 1995, p. 101). This model has an attempt at improving a students self-image, ability to interact within a group and problem-solving ability, and concentrates on feelings, values, and self-awareness, and sometimes on personal values and choices (Abadinsky, 2001). These assumptions are generally implemented through communication training, peer counseling, role playing and assertiveness training (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 232). Using affective model, adolescents can strengthen their confidence, improve competency of dealing with incidents and have correct value judgment. Social Influence Model This model more focuses on decision-making. The social influence model is centered on external influences that push students toward drug use, especially peer pressure, as well as internal influences, such as the desire to be accepted by the crowd' (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 229). There are two targets that need to achieve via social influence model. Firstly this model aims to let adolescent to have the awareness of the peer pressures that they are experiencing and secondly to improve their resistance skills for saying no under stress (Abadinsky, 2001). Treatments for Drug Abuse There are two main aspects of drug abuse treatments, including chemical treatments and psychological treatments. According to the classification of Abadinsky (2001), chemical treatments contain opioid antagonists, chemicals for detoxification, opioid agonists, chemical responses to cocaine abuse and CRF antagonists. Abadinsky (2001) also mentions that psychological treatments include a psychoanalytic approach, behavior modification and group treatment. Due to the needs of study and the limit of professional knowledge ¼Ã…’this paper mainly focuses on the psychological aspects. Firstly ¼Ã…’let us look at the psychoanalytic approach. This approach is very professional and high cost. It is very complicated and difficult to control for social workers. It does not have universality and potential replication. This approach usually applies in some special and serious cases. Then we move on to the behavior modification. There are 4 primary kinds of behavior modification, such as aversion treatment, social learning theory approach, cognitive learning theory approach and contingency management and contingency contracting (Abadinsky, 2001). Although the success rate of aversion treatment is high, it is a kind of compulsive and inhuman therapeutic method, especially for adolescents, no matter in physical or mental sides. This treatment addresses the symptoms, not the cause. Abusers will take drugs again when the aversion conditioned ref lex starts to weaken. Contingency management and contingency contracting is outside the scope of this papers inquiry. Social learning theory approach and cognitive learning theory approach are referred below. Group treatment is very useful and widespread. It is often used by social workers. Prevention and intervention plan of adolescents drug abuse There are three dimensions of prevention and intervention plan in this paper. They are macro level, mezzo level and micro level. Macro level This level is more about prevention plan. According to the Information Model (Ellickson, 1995), it needs at least tripartite efforts, including school, community and school. School. Schools should enhance the education of drug abuse and the drug abuses hazards, not only verbal and written forms, but also some other lively forms, such as movies and activities. I think the movie Crimson Jade is very shocked one. Maybe schools can find more movies of this kind to show to adolescents. If they know the fearful consequences of drug abuse, they will want to take drugs less. Community. Actually communities perform a very similar role with schools for the prevention of adolescents. But another thing that communities should pay special attention to is about adolescents family situation, especially for the adolescents whose parents have substance abuse problems. Media. Mass media should play a positive and active role in prevention of adolescents drug abuse. Some programmes that focus on drug abuse should be shown regularly. And ground-breaking visual public service advertising of drug abuse should show on TV, newspaper, Internet, even billboard everywhere. Social influence model (Ellickson, 1995) can be also used in macro level. Schools can make many lectures to let students know that they are all under peer pressures and organize some activities to teach students to develop resistance skills for drug abuse. Mezzo level Mezzo level contains prevention plan and intervention plan. It is more about group work. Group approach is that stimulation toward improvement arises from net work of interpersonal influences in which all members participate (Northern, 1969, p. 52). Group work is one of the most common work methods for social workers. Prevention plan of mezzo level. The prevention plan concentrates on affective model. Referring to affective model (Ellickson, 1995), adolescents are divided into groups to do some counseling and training about affective skills (communication, decision making, self-assertion) believed related to drug use (Abadinsky, 2001). The counseling and training need the participation of social workers. In this kind of group, social workers should pay special attention to those adolescents who do not want to talk. Intervention plan of macro level. This intervention plan focuses on group treatment. Due to social workers may not have drug-taking experience, group treatment can make adolescent clients feel more willing to communicate and peer interaction is more powerful (Abadinsky, 2001). In addition, some problematic interpersonal acts will appear in a group (Flores, 1988). Using group treatment, adolescents of drug abuse can share and identify with others who are going through similar problems; understand their own attitudes about addiction and defenses in others; and learn to communicate needs and feelings more directly (Flores, 1988, p. 7). Adolescents really need the support from others. Social workers should pay special attention to extreme clients who are not appropriate with group treatment and social workers should ensure a suitable scale of different groups. Micro level Micro level more concerns on adolescent abusers themselves and their surroundings. There are two useful intervention approaches with this level one is social learning theory approach and the other one is cognitive learning theory approach. Social learning theory approach. Abadinsky (2001) identifies social learning theory as a variant of behaviorism focuses on cognitive meditational processes and people are active participants in their operant conditioning processes-they determine what is and what is not reinforcing (p. 205). Actually there are many reasons behind the adolescents who have drug abuse. Maybe there are some problems with their families, their school performance, their interpersonal communication and bodies suffering. Social workers must pay more attention to the reasons behind the drug abuse of adolescents and give more patience. So in this intervention, social workers should follow three steps. The first step is to understand why patients may be more likely to use in a given situation and to understand the role that drugs play in their lives (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205). The second step is to help patients develop meaningful alternative reinforcers to drug abuse, that is, other activities and involvements ( relationships, work and hobbies) (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205). The third step is to make a detailed examination of the consequences for adolescent clients to test whether their drug abuse reduces (Abadinsky, 2001). Social workers should try their best to find the root causes of adolescents drug abuse and cope with them. This approach focuses on the surroundings of adolescent abusers. Cognitive learning theory approach. This approach emphasizes the awareness of positive and negative consequences of drug abuse for adolescents themselves and the arrangements before taking drugs (Abadinsky, 2001). Social workers can ask adolescent abusers to write a dairy of their drug abuse that includes the situations when they use drugs and the consequences after they use drugs. Social workers ought to inspire clients to review their worst experience with drug abuse and think more about the bad impact of taking drugs. This kind of scare tactic can delay the period before taking drugs. Then social workers also need to teach adolescent abusers a set of relax skills to improve their tension. This approach focuses on adolescent abusers themselves and relies on their own awareness to reduce drug abuse. Drug abuse of adolescents is really a vicious spiral and a long-term repeated process. It needs not only the social workers and adolescent abusers efforts, but also their families, friends, other relevant persons and the whole societys efforts.

The Merchant Of Venice: Portias Suitors :: essays research papers

Compare and contrast Portia’s three suitors, examining their characters Shakespeare highlights three of Portia’s suitors, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to heighten dramatic tension, as these three men are the most important candidates to win Portia’s hand in marriage. They reveal the contents of the three caskets and their different characters as exposed as being proud, vain and humble. They also emphasise the racial prejudices of Venice a place where many races clash. Their attitudes towards the caskets and their choices indicate what their character is like. This essay will compare and contrast the three suitors and will explore how Shakespeare influences the audience’s attitudes towards the three men. The Prince of Morocco is the first suitor of the three suitors we are introduced to. His first line is, ‘Mislike me not for my complexion’ (Act II Scene i) He is anxious to compensate for the colour of his skin. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he remarks on his skin colour he proceeds to defend it and boasts about himself, ‘ ...this aspect of mine/ Hath fear’d the valiant†¦The best regarded virgins of our clime/Have lov’d it too...’ (Act II Scene i) He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of men to see whose is the reddest. ‘Bring me the fairest creature†¦And let us make incision for your love/ To prove whose blood is reddest, or mine.’ (Act II Scene i) This would be a way to suggest that Morocco was as noble as any white man was because red blood signified courage and virility. A lot of emphasis is placed on Morocco’s skin colour. His long-winded speeches full of false and extravagant praise makes him sound insincere, ‘†¦all the world desires her; /From all corners of the earth they come,/ To kiss this shrine, this mortal breathing saint:’ (Act II Scene vii) In contrast his exit is short and dignified, in total disparity to his entrance and long speeches before choosing a casket. ‘†¦I have too griev’d a heart /To take a tedious leave: leave losers part.’ (Act II Scene vii) This indicates he does not easily accept defeat. He explains his thoughts on each of the caskets as he reads the inscriptions on them. He says the lead casket is not worth hazarding everything for and quickly dismisses it. When he comes to the silver casket he comments, The Merchant Of Venice: Portias Suitors :: essays research papers Compare and contrast Portia’s three suitors, examining their characters Shakespeare highlights three of Portia’s suitors, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to heighten dramatic tension, as these three men are the most important candidates to win Portia’s hand in marriage. They reveal the contents of the three caskets and their different characters as exposed as being proud, vain and humble. They also emphasise the racial prejudices of Venice a place where many races clash. Their attitudes towards the caskets and their choices indicate what their character is like. This essay will compare and contrast the three suitors and will explore how Shakespeare influences the audience’s attitudes towards the three men. The Prince of Morocco is the first suitor of the three suitors we are introduced to. His first line is, ‘Mislike me not for my complexion’ (Act II Scene i) He is anxious to compensate for the colour of his skin. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he remarks on his skin colour he proceeds to defend it and boasts about himself, ‘ ...this aspect of mine/ Hath fear’d the valiant†¦The best regarded virgins of our clime/Have lov’d it too...’ (Act II Scene i) He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of men to see whose is the reddest. ‘Bring me the fairest creature†¦And let us make incision for your love/ To prove whose blood is reddest, or mine.’ (Act II Scene i) This would be a way to suggest that Morocco was as noble as any white man was because red blood signified courage and virility. A lot of emphasis is placed on Morocco’s skin colour. His long-winded speeches full of false and extravagant praise makes him sound insincere, ‘†¦all the world desires her; /From all corners of the earth they come,/ To kiss this shrine, this mortal breathing saint:’ (Act II Scene vii) In contrast his exit is short and dignified, in total disparity to his entrance and long speeches before choosing a casket. ‘†¦I have too griev’d a heart /To take a tedious leave: leave losers part.’ (Act II Scene vii) This indicates he does not easily accept defeat. He explains his thoughts on each of the caskets as he reads the inscriptions on them. He says the lead casket is not worth hazarding everything for and quickly dismisses it. When he comes to the silver casket he comments,

Communications Decency Act Essay

Different countries have different laws. Since different countries have different laws, internet service providers from different countries have different policies. Because of that, it will be hard to come up with a universal standard for the Internet. And enforcing that standard will be a different story on its own. â€Å"The laws concerning decency are only as good as those who are willing to abide by them† (â€Å"Grossman† internet). There have been a lot of attempts to censor the Internet. There has been an attempt to make censorship on the Internet a law, as a part of the telecommunications bill, Communications Decency Act, shortened as CDA. CDA would have made it a crime to post anything on the internet â€Å"that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs† (â€Å"Grossman† internet). Also caught up in the internet-censorship-fervor are the software companies. Almost overnight, many companies sprang up providing parents and libraries programs that promised to filter out all the inappropriate materials on the Internet. Branched out from the filter programs are filter search engines. Basically, it is a same old search engine that puts its results through the filter engines. Another attempt to censor the Internet is made by companies that attempted to rate every website on the homepage. They are independent companies that visit each website and give it a rating. All of the attempts to censor the Internet had been ineffective. All of the past actions about Internet censorship have been, more or less, failures. The filter programs have failed to truly filter out the unwanted. It is like using mesh wires to filter out basketballs. Not only do you filter out the basketballs, you also filter out the tennis balls and golf balls. The filter programs filters by two ways: searching for keywords or blocking a list of websites previously reviewed by someone as inappropriate. When the filter program filter out websites by keyword, they also filter out a lot of appropriate and possibly useful information. For example, a website containing information about breast cancer would be blocked out because it contained the word breast. Same result would happen with a website containing a recipe for chicken breast. When the filter program uses the pre-made list to block out, it is very accurate because someone has already reviewed the website, and would not confuse a website about breast cancer with a breast fetish website. However, there are two downfalls to the method. First, there is just too many websites to review. There are literally billions of websites out there and millions of new ones being made everyday. If a staff of a thousand people reviewed day and night for a year, they still wouldn’t have gotten close to reviewing all the websites. Second, unlike books and magazines, Internet websites come and go on a snap of a finger. It doesn’t take long to create a homepage, neither does relocating it. The second a new list of â€Å"banned† website is released, it is already obsolete. Since the so-called â€Å"family-friendly† search engines are based on the same inefficient filter programs, they are also inefficient. Only a very small fraction of the Internet contains inappropriate material, however, the inefficient â€Å"family-friendly† search engines filters out around 95% of the Internet (â€Å"Faulty† internet). Even when Dr. Suess was searched, most of the websites were blocked. 2630 of the 2638 websites found in a normal search engine was blocked (â€Å"Faulty† internet). It is a fact that pornography websites tend to link themselves all over the search engine to attract the most customers. But do they really link themselves to 99. 7% of a Dr. Suess search (â€Å"Faulty† internet)? Even after they wiped out 99. 7% of the search result, one of the eight that wasn’t blocked was an inappropriate website (â€Å"Faulty† internet). It was a parody of a Dr. Suess story using details from the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson (â€Å"Faulty† internet). The companies that tried to set up a rating system have yet to succeed either. The companies have yet created an universal standard for the ratings.

Dissertation Essay Example

Dissertation Essay Example Dissertation Essay Dissertation Essay Transport influences human access to different goods and services and enhances the capabilities to meet different welfare objectives. Transport improves human welfare by enhancing social inclusion whereby individuals travel to participate in social functions and social agenda (Lyons 2004:485). The transport sector has significant influence on other economic sectors globally, such as healthcare, employment, education, housing and business and industry. Improved transport enhances poverty elimination efforts by increasing access to income generating activities, education and healthcare services (Lyons 2004: 486; Currie 2010: 31). Classic public policy goals for transport systems in different countries have hefted beyond facilitating mobility and accessibility and encompass economic, environmental and social outcome elements which form the end result of governance goal in the new millennia (Currie 2010:31). Crustaceans and Boric (2007: 31) emphasize the role of transport in facilitating economic and social integration resulting from enhanced mobility and connecting communities to crucial social amenities and services such as education and health services. Under the economic dimension, transport systems are expected to minimize traffic congestion and promote dynamic urban economies. This is especially characteristic in the Northern American transport systems where cost-effectiveness is heavily emphasized in public transport systems (Currie 2010:32; Lyons 2004: 486). Environmental consciousness emphasizes the need for sustainable development in public transport systems as a means of meeting the Kyoto protocol emission targets while the social dimension calls for improved safety in public transport systems as a means of ensuring safe modes of mobility (Currie 2010:32). Lyons (2004: 490) emphasizes the need for sustainable development in the transport industry as a means of creating better quality life, currently and in the future. Moreover, stakeholders within the transport sectors are charged with the responsibility of fostering trade and competitiveness in order to stimulate growth and enhance resource efficiency. Public transport systems therefore play a significant role in national and the global economy. The world economy has become more globalizes characterized by increased economic integration and cooperation, cross-border interchange of policies, transfer of cultures, discourses of power, knowledge transfer and establishment of a global market. Globalization has significant political, social and economic implications on sectional economies (AY-Roadman Stonemason, 2006: 5). Abraham (2005:1) emphasizes the role of globalization in enhancing global integration, in aspects such as trade, national economies and capital flows by creating an autonomous global production, distribution and consumption system. This has led to trade liberalizing in different national economies as governments acknowledge the significance of the global economic system in fast tracking national fiscal growth and development. Computer influenced globalization by facilitating easier global transport and communication. The air transport sector has significantly benefited from integration of computer technologies for improving communication and efficiency leading to improved quality of life, economy and environmental impacts (Bimodal, 2012: 26). Air transport has enhanced easier transport and communication thus facilitating market penetration, increased trade and competition which have amplified efficiency and specialization leading to economic growth (Crustaceans Boric 2007: 31). Crustaceans and Boric, emphasize the role of globalization as a key driver of growth in the air transport sector. Cross investment across countries has created the need for enhanced labor mobility which is provided by air transport with airports providing connectivity and accessibility necessary for the growth of the modern society and economy. Further, airports have far reaching social and economic impacts on the set up regions characterized with easier air service accessibility and promotion of regional business. Airports serve as commercial entities and generate returns through on site economic activities such as force exchange, duty free shops, Jewelry shops, banks and coffee shops among other economic activities (Crustaceans Boric 2007: 34). The Air Transport Action Group (2005: 2) emphasized the economic and social benefits of air transport. The task force viewed air transport as the only means of transport that efficiently provides a worldwide transportation network required for global business and tourism. The air transport sector transports annually transports an estimated 2 billion passengers, 40% interregional goods and accounts for 40% of the recorded international tourism. The sector further accounts for 29 million employment opportunities generated through direct, indirect, stimulated and catalytic impacts on other economic sectors. The social impacts associated with air transport include improvement of quality of life by broadening the scope of leisure activities and human cultural experiences. Air transport provides a wider choice of holiday destinations by serving as an affordable way of vacationing in distant places. Through tourism and related benefits air transport assists in improving the standards of living and poverty alleviation by enhancing the social inclusion of remote areas in the economic, social and political agenda. These factors further leads to sustainable development (The Air Transport Action Group 2005: 2). The industry has been in the forefront in championing and taking steps towards environmental conservation through noise reduction measures, adoption of fuel- efficient engines and reduction of carbon emissions (The Air Transport Group 2005: 3). 1. 2 Background of the Study The business environment continues to be more challenging with time as characterized by increased competition and economic downturns among others. Modern corporations are challenged by dynamic aspects of the business operational environment for example markets, tight schedules, risks and uncertainties, technology and task complexities (Dillon 2002; 12). The challenges in the business operating environment require organizations to enhance efficiency and operational effectiveness in order to survive harsh economic times. This is achieved through adoption of novel technology for transforming business operations and ensuring continuous innovations for influencing business operations holistically (Sheboygan organizational competitiveness and serves as a stimulant towards creation of global institutions, attracting best employees, reinforcing corporate ambition and fostering the implementation of new ideas in order to break existing or perceived boundaries. The challenges in the business environment further demand strategic management based on identification of organizational goals, formulation of strategic policies and plans and employment of sufficient resources towards meeting organizational goals and objectives (Radian, Jake, Hassling Alumina 2009:402). Airports are not excluded from the challenging business operational environment and therefore require proper leadership and operational efficiency and effectiveness for survival in the air transport industry. Lyons (2004: 490) emphasizes the need for strategies for overcoming the challenges faced in the transport sector through adoption of tragic transport policies in the new age. Lyons further calls for upholding the social agenda or social capital in the political and public agenda with regards to the transport sector. The author emphasizes the need for developing transport in a manner which supports the society as dictated by policy aspirations and fostering environmental conservation through proper precautionary measures for preventing environmental degradation. This calls for strategic and Joined-up thinking between governments and transport experts in order to effectively link the transport sector with the needs of the society (Lyons 2004: 490). Currie (2010; 31) emphasizes the need for proper governance and management of public transport systems through the involvement of key stakeholders in development of transport policy programs through a coordinated approach where decisions are based on scientific knowledge. The public sector serves as the central mode of providing services in developing and develops nations (Chickening, 2013: 1). However, the public sector is accused of deeply entrenched inefficiency which has led to increased vaporization of public corporations. Public corporations are associated with inefficiency due to failure in Eng term management, poor quality services and protection by governments (Barter Harrison 2005: 137). The inefficiencies associated with public entities emanate from lack of clearly defined performance measures, poor evaluations, deeply entrenched corruption practices resource limitations and complexities in identifying the effects of adopted institutional reforms (Christine, Linton Command 2007:32). Most nations are unable to finance, develop or maintain national airports and view vaporization as an effective strategy towards development of new airports and maintenance of old ones (Craig, 1999: 1). Researchers have called for improvement of efficiency in the public sector. Public organizations and service providers worldwide are under increased pressure to advance efficiency through provision of improved and integrated services (Chickening 2013; 3). Christine, Linton Command (2007: 2) calls for improvement of efficiency in the public sector by reforming key institutional arrangements through diverse approaches such as increased devolution and decentralization, enhancing competitive pressures, changing workforce structures and adopting result oriented measures. Infrastructural developments including development of airports have en the liability of public agencies whose funding results from capital funds collected through taxation, issuing of public bonds and the operational costs offset by collected revenues or through the taxation system (Chickening 2013: 3). Viability of financing major projects through tax revenues (Chickening 2013: 3). Moreover, the inefficiency in the government sector has led to vaporization of airports, globally. Countries such as the I-J, Australia, Columbia, and Thailand have privatized their airports. However, in some countries governments still own most airports. In 2006, private investors owned and m anaged only 2% of all commercial airports in the world (Frost Sullivan, 2006, Para. 5). In some countries such as Australia, the airports are sold on long-term leases of 50 years (Keynote Beck, 2009, p. 02). In other countries such as the I-J, the airports are fully privatized by being listed in the stock exchange market. The vaporization has increased the profits in most countries prompting vaporization of additional airports (Musketeer Aphids, 2013, Para. 9). Mum, Adler and You (2006: 126) emphasize the shift from government operated airports to vaporization as a wide world trend with the exception of airports in the United States. Most of the airports in different countries operate autonomously with more airports expected to be privatized in the future (Craig, 1999:2). Craig, perceived the involvement of the private sector in development and operation of airports as a commonly accepted concept. Governments therefore sign agreements with development consortia for construction and operation of airports for a mutually agreed time period (Craig, 1999: 2). Chickening (2013: 4) argue that tapping private sector capital resources provides a means of promoting development of public infrastructure and facilitating the implementation of required capital projects. Vaporization of public enterprises acts as a significant policy in developed and developing nations which is placed in the context of broad-based approach for achieving economic De-regulation together with other strategies such as trade liberalizing and enhancing market access. The airport vaporization debate is based on pure economic necessities and changes in perceptions towards development policies as the private sector is viewed as more efficient and profitable (Christine, Linton Command 2007:1). Airports are also privatized as a means of enhancing easier access to private sector financing and investment (Mum, Adler You 2006: 126). However, the motives for airport vaporization and centralization differ across countries depending on the adopted approach towards institutional restructuring (Mum, Adler You 2006: 126). 1. 3 Problem Statement Vaporization of airports has significant operational and economic impacts. Studies have highlighted that government owned airports are less efficient as compared to privatized airports (Mum, Adler You 2006: 127). Cavalier and Corroborates (2008: 1) view vaporization as a means of reducing government budget deficits, fostering financial development and improving efficiency. It is agreed that privatized airports attain significantly higher operating profit margins as compared to government operated airports. This is attributed to engagement in non-aviation related activities and services which generate additional revenues. This is also associated with increased vaporization of government operated airports (Mum, Adler You 2006: 127). Mum, Adler and You (2006: 127) emphasize that government operated airports are run by bureaucrats with the aim of maximizing the objective function subjective to social welfare and personal agendas while privatized airports are strategically managed to enhance performance. This assertion has however been refuted by other researchers vaporization of airports in different areas of the globe (Christine, Linton Command, 2007:7). Cavalier and Corroborates (2008:2) attribute this to lack of conclusive empirical evidence on the impacts of change in ownership especially in relation to vaporization. Mum, Adler and You (2006: 128) assert the lack of conclusive research on the impacts of vaporization on airports. Cavalier and Corroborates (2008:1) further argue that improvement in productive efficiency does not imply improvements in locative efficiency. Moreover, complexities are experienced in disintegrating the effects of vaporization from the impacts of related fiscal policies such as liberalizing and regulatory changes (Cavalier Corroborates, 2008:2; Mum, Adler You 2006: 128). There is therefore need to close the research gap by investigating the impacts of vaporization on airports. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study Nations have adopted the trend of vaporization of airports with the aim of reducing government deficits, improving efficiency and fostering development (Cavalier Corroborates 2008:1; Christine, Linton Command, 2007:2; Mum, Adler You 2006: 128). The literature on impacts of vaporization on airports is however inconclusive (Cavalier Corroborates 2008:2; Christine, Linton Command, 2007:7; Mum, Adler You 2006; 128). This creates a need to explore the impacts of vaporization on airports. This study aimed to close the research gap by exploring the impacts of vaporization on airports. The study specifically focused on the impact of airport vaporization on the profit level, profitability, completion levels and aeronautical tariffs in the airline industry. 1. 5 Research Objectives To achieve the purpose highlighted above, the study was guided by the following pacific research objectives: 1 . To determine the impact of airport vaporization on the profit level of the airline industry. . To determine the effect of airport vaporization on the efficiency of the industry 3. To evaluate the impact of airport vaporization on the level of competition in the airline industry 4. To evaluate the effect of airport vaporization on the aeronautical tariffs 1. 6 Research Questions The study was guided by the following research questions: 1. What is the effect of the vaporization of airports on their profitability? 2 . How goes the vaporization of airports affect the operating efficiency of the airline industry? . How is the level of competition in the airline industry affected by the vaporization of airports? 4. What effect does the vaporization of airports have on the price of air travel paid by customers? 1. 7 Research Methodology The study adopted a mixed methods design incorporating both quantitative and qualitative designs. The quantitative design adopted an ex post facto research approach for examining the relationship between the vaporization of airports and the economic variables mentioned above. Quantitative data was collected from secondary sources such as books, Journals, newspaper articles, periodicals and web documents highlighting the performance of airports before and after vaporization. Government documents of countries which have done airport vaporization will also be used for the study. The ex facto research approach enabled the researcher to meet the study needs where accurate an experimental approach is not possible significant information on vaporization of airports and assist in establishing a simple cause-effect relationship between vaporization and the highlighted variables (p. 09). The ex factor research approach while non-experimental assisted the researcher to arrive at unbiased conclusions (Cottrell Mckenzie 2010: 9). The qualitative design was used to acquire primary data from 20 managers in the airline industry. The qualitative approach focused on acquiring the perspectives of managers within the industry on the impacts of vaporization on the mentioned study variables. The primary data was collected through a self administered semi-structured questionnaire. A qualitative design assists in capturing human feelings, attitudes and perspectives on the research phenomenon. The qualitative approach unlike the inattentive approach brought out the human feelings towards vaporization of airports. The mixed method design facilitated a holistic approach towards establishing the effects of vaporization of airports leading to balanced, unbiased and objective conclusions. 1. 8 Significance of the Study The research may be useful to policy makers in the government to determine whether it is economically advisable to privatized government owned airports. The research weighs on the costs and benefits that would result from such a move. The study may also inform strategic decision in the airline industry especially in nations which are anticipating vaporization of the airports by highlighting the effects of vaporization on profitability, competition, efficiency and flight prices. In addition, the research will assist private investors in knowing the impacts of vaporization on airline efficiency, competitiveness, profitability and cost of flight travel. The study may therefore inform the investment decisions of potential investors by informing them on the profitability of investment in airports. The study will also provide significant insights to students in management and especially aviation management on the effects of government vaporization policy on the airline industry. 2. 0 Literature Review Traditionally airports around the globe were managed and operated by governments as they form a significant part of the national aviation system and are perceive as public utilities (Marino 2008:5). Airport operation and handling activities were not traditionally perceived as above commercial activities (Marino 2008: 5). Airport operational activities were therefore under public authorities charged with the role of managing airport assets and property while other commercial aspect activities were outsourced to private entities. Although public ownership of airports is still being used in few parts of the world most airports around the globe have been privatized (Marino 2008: 5). Historically, governments around the globe are characterized with adoption of simple but revolutionary policy innovations. Airport vaporization is among such policies which have transformed the modulus operandi in airports around the globe. In 1987 Margaret Thatcher privatized the British Airports awakening the aviation industry to the idea that vaporization opened up the tremendous but untapped potential of revenue generation and efficiency gains in the here London Airports of Heathers, Catwalk and Standee, Southampton and three other airports in Scotland (Craig 1999:11). Since then British Aviation Authority has developed through investments in airports around the globe such as Ferrying airport, a major airport in Hungary and has also reflected on taking on trade agreements at Boston Logan International Airport and Baltimore-Washington International Airport through its subsidiary BAA USA (Boney 2007: 4). The vaporization of the British Airports Authority was sequenced by airport vaporization recess in other countries such as Austria whose Vienna Airport which entered the Vienna Stock Exchange in 1992 followed by other two Danish airports which were commercialese as Copenhagen Airports Ltd and entered the Copenhagen Stock Exchange by 1994 (Divan 1999:1). Belgium formed a corporation for owning the Brussels airport terminal while New Zealand privatized three international airports (Boney 2007: 4). The United Kingdoms Northern Ireland based Belfast International Airport was privatized while Australia privatized 22 airports to the countrys Federal Airport Corporation (FACE) in 1994. In Northern America, Canada created the Vancouver Airport Services (WARS) which is charged with the responsibility of managing 18 airports in the country, Dominican Republic, Greece Jamaica and Chile. By the year 2007, one or more of 39 countries airports had been privatized (Boney 2007: 5). In the United States airports are partially privatized as characterized by management and operation by local, federal or the central government corporations or independent airport authorities possessed by the local, federal and the central government. Airlines are highly involved in the management f airports within the United States, making the airports appear more privatized. Full vaporization is hindered by the dependence on federal grants emanating from the FAA airport improvement program. Full vaporization of airports within the United States can only occur where the private owners are willing and able to reimburse the federal grants (Boney 2007:5). 2. 2 Forms of Airport Vaporization Airport vaporization takes different forms such as direct control and management through civil aviation administration, through specific ministerial units, through congenial or municipal government levels, through specific and financially and operationally autonomous government bodies, through autonomous corporations established through special statutes and through companies established under company law (Marino 2008: 5). Vaporization of public airports to autonomous bodies is aided by sale of concessions to private sector entities such as developers, financiers or consortium of operators charged with the responsibility of operating or developing an airport for a pre-determined and mutually agreed number of years (Craig 1999; 4). Marino (2008: 6) characterize such as concessions as management entrants where the management of entire airport systems shifts to the private sector for a pre-determined period of time. The private sector corporations however pay a fee to the government through fixed professional fees, or percentages of the gross revenues or profits collected from the airports, proportions of savings resulting from use of the airports or from generated additional revenues (p. 6). Airports are also privatized through sale of concession to private sector entities charged with the role of developing and operating a system of several airports on behalf of stipulated